Abortion Is Killing A Baby - 989 Words

For recent years, people start to deny abortion and stated it as cruel and murder. While it does involve remove fetus or embryo from the mother and kill the baby before it was born, it might not be the worst thing that can happen to the baby. Most people who chose abortion is either can’t afford to have a kid or unable to take care of them. It was one of the case, while other concern about their right as a person. Some might say the baby have right to live, while others believe the mother have right for herself to do what she want to her body. The debate on abortion is not about who right, but it about the consequences of their action. The main debates comes from the court case of US Supreme Court s 7-2 decision on Roe v. Wade. At first, the main problem about abortion is killing a baby. It does in fact a big decision for a fetus whom unable to defense them self for the right to live, but if poor people who can’t afford baby utility can make sure they are healthy throug h child hood, would it be worse than living? According to Harris, â€Å"According to a 2010 USDA report, the average middle-income family will spend roughly $12,000 on child-related expenses in their baby’s first year of life. By age two, parents are up to more than $12,500 per year.† She also stated the cost of deliver the baby can cost from $9,700 to $12,000 without any complication occurred. While people who work minimum wage earn $15,080 exclude tax from $7.25 per hour. They are barely afford a kid but theyShow MoreRelated Should Abortion Really Be Legal? 769 Words   |  3 PagesAbortion is a critical topic that many people like to avoid arguing about. Abortion is currently legal and many â€Å"mothers† have aborted their baby. Abortion is a sensitive thing to consider and talk about for many, but it should be discussed and argued about. Abortion terminates a pregnancy after so much time has passed, that’s ending a life of another. Babies donâ€⠄¢t ask to come into the world, but these doctors who are supposed to be saving lives are ending many of them. Abortion should not be legalRead MoreAbortion is a Murder Essay721 Words   |  3 Pagesthat has been greatly debated in our society is abortion. Many people argue that because the baby in the mother’s womb is not alive, aborting him or her is not considered a murder. However, others say that as the baby’s heart and brain are the first things to develop, the baby is technically alive and killing it would be a murder. As soon as the baby has a heartbeat, it has life. Abortion has many characteristics of a murder, including the killing of one human being by another, it’s unethical, andRead MoreAbortion Should Be Legal?1512 Words   |  7 Pagesto dictionary.com, abortion is defined as â€Å"the removal of an embryo or fetus from the uterus in order to end a pregnancy†¦any of various surgical methods for terminating a pregnancy.† The famous well-known Supreme Court case that addresses the issue of abortion is Roe v. Wade. The Supreme Court concluded that women have the right to obtain an abortion until the fetus is viable, or usually when a woman reaches her trimester of pregnancy. Prior to the Supreme Court case, abortion was illegal in manyRead MoreAbortion Is Not A Free Card Away From Responsibility1379 Words   |  6 PagesMoore English 10 16 November 2015 Abortion Research Paper Every year, millions of innocent babies lose their lives due to abortion. This means that because their own mother did not want them, the children have been killed without even being able to blow out their first birthday candle. Abortion is not a free card away from responsibility. It is dangerous to the Mom mentally and is the murder of a child is why it must be stopped. A majority of abortions today are not due to health risk orRead MoreAbortion Should Not Be Legalized972 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion is killing over 1.4 million unborn children in a year (â€Å"They’re Not†). For example, there was the case where a doctor got arrested for killing seven babies and a patient. The clinic he had was described as the house of horror by detectives because doctor Gosnell kept baby parts on a shelf in his clinic. In addition, it was said that he â€Å"forced the live birth of viable babies in the sixth, seventh, and eighth-month pregnancy and then killed those babies by cutting into the back of the neckRead MoreAbortion is Brutal Murder Essays544 Words   |  3 Pagesparents and that choice is abortion? Abortion is a process of ending a pregnancy so that it does not result in the birth of a child but it doesn’t matter how you say it, abortion is basically taking a life. Approximately, more than 40 million abortions take plac e in the world. That is 40 million innocent babies being killed, taken away the chance to live a life. As we are the pro-life supporter, we should support abortion being banned. Abortion is a murder, killing babies in brutal ways. 81 percentRead MoreThe Issue Of Abortion And Abortion1115 Words   |  5 Pagesjust give you up and kill you? Approximately 125,000 abortions occur per day. 1.1 million U.S. abortions each year. Nearly 1 in 4 (22%) of pregnancies end in abortion. 50% of women now seeking abortion have had at least one previous abortion. The U.S. abortion rate is among the highest of developed countries. 51% of abortions are performed on women less than 25 years of age. Approximately 1/3 of American women have had an abortion by age 45. Abortion disproportionately affects black and Hispanic womenRead MoreAbortion Is A Murder Of Unknowing Helpless Pre Born Children849 Words   |  4 Pagesand wants an abortion. I told her that there is no way she is getting an abortion because there are other better alternatives. She wanted an abortion because she wanted to go to college and become a nurse and with that baby, she would be able to focus on college. Abortion is a misconduct that goes unspoken, in fact abortion is a slaughter of unknowing helpless pre-born children. Abortion is merely immoral. Everyone has been taught right from wrong; manslaughter is wrong and so is abortion, because abortionRead MoreAbortion Essay1346 Words   |  6 PagesJanuary 22, 1973 abortion was legalized in the U.S., all 50 states. That is when everything changed the way people thought; the way people acted, and treated themselves. Most people then though it was okay for abortion to take place since it was legalized, which is not the case. My view on abortion is different than the way others may view it. Abortion to me is harmful, extremely horrible, and very saddening. Many may use it as an escape route and think it is okay but it’s not, you’re killing a human. Read MoreThe Birth of an Unborn Child Essay1064 Words   |  5 Pagesthem to get an abortion? Teenagers across America are getting abortions at a young age because they get pregn ant and are not able to support their child. There are two sides to the argument and the two groups are pro-abortion and pro-life. Pro-life is against abortion, because they believe that it is going against the Church and God. Pro- Abortion is for abortion, because they believe that if the teenager or mother of the child cannot support the child it is only right to get an abortion. It is wrong

The Creation Process - 1215 Words

TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.pg.1 The Creation Process†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.pg.2 Beginner s Process The Deck The Beams The Top Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..pg.3 INTRODUCTION The Bridge. The structure that has supported mankind since the dawn of existence. Allowing to cross over large spans of land or huge masses of water; this concept has truly deserved a title on the â€Å"Ten of The Most Greatest Ideas That Changed The World.† During the time of existence, humans did not have the prior knowledge or technology to perform/design such consequential task at the time. However, that did not stop them from using their creative, god-given minds. Throughout the duration of The†¦show more content†¦The picture down below shows a variety of different types of styles/designs you can use to create your bridge. Gather your supplies. Getting the correct materials for your bridge is crucial. Any of the materials listed above, in the introduction, can be purchased near your local dollar store. Reminder: The kind of popsicle sticks you buy, will determine the vision of your bridge. Begin creating. After you have planned out how you want your bridge to look, and gathered the materials needed, you can finally begin creating your bridge. Begin by choosing an empty workplace where you can work at; working at a crowded area, can cause distraction and most commonly, mistakes. THE DECK: Materials needed: Popsicle sticks, a glue gun + glue sticks, and paint. The bottom of the bridge is the most important part of your bridge; without the accurate measurements or planning, your bridge may as well be useless. Using your blueprint, start creating the bottom. Now, this part all depends on how you planned your bridge to turn out. However, in my case, I decided to create a deck, or the road, that ran the length of ____m. Your bridge can measure any length/width you want it to be; however, you should be fully aware, that how long or how short you want your deck to be, it will also determine the length/width of your beams. Lay out the deck of your bridge. Lay out theShow MoreRelatedLanguage Is A Process Of Free Creation919 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Language is a process of free creation; its laws and principles are fixed, but the manner in which the principles of generation are used is free and infinitely varied† (Chomsky). Throughout several cultures, each has their own set of ideas and rules for its language. One language could have several variations of the same sentence structure, grammar, or word definitions. In school, students are taught that language can only be communicated effectively through the proper use of language. This leadsRead MoreComparing The And Ppc Campaign Creation Process1785 Words   |  8 PagesBeer and PPC. Two of my favorite things in this world. With some brief thinking, it was easy to compare the two worlds. Both the brewing and PPC campaign creation process are delicate procedures. Both processes follow a plan of execution, and one small mistake in either of the plans could mean horrible result s. This light-hearted blog will take a look at how a good beer and PPC campaigns more related than we think. Do You Have the Proper Ingredients? There are four main ingredients to beer thatRead MoreProcess, Information Theory And The Creation Of Systems1757 Words   |  8 PagesProcess, Information Theory and the Creation of Systems Introduction 1- The Relevance of Theory 2- Information Theories and Reading Frames 3- How much Information Can Be Stored in a Piece of Matter? 4- Whitehead‘s Process Philosophy 5- Philosophy and Natural Science 6- Component-Systems 7- Referential and Nonreferential Information 8- Where is Information Stored in Systems? 9- Computation. Construction and Self-Reference 10- Conclusion Introduction: This chapter is discussing the point of viewRead More The Process of Video Game Design and Creation Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pagestask – writers, game designers, sound designers, visual artists and more must work together to create the actual game.†(â€Å"The Process of Game Creation the Game Design Document.) One thing not often taken into consideration, though, is the hard work and dedication that goes into many of the games people play. Every video game out there had to go through a rigorous process before it could reach the public’s hands. Every game usually starts out with a basic idea, a very basic concept, whether itRead MoreSex, The Process Of Creation Of Any Human Alive1665 Words   |  7 Pages Sex, the process of creation of any human alive. When sex is used as an action is usually addressed as sex activities to avoid confusion with meaning of gender. Mankind had spent thousands of years to research about sexual activities, the psychological factors that drives people to want to have sex, enhance pleasure for sexual activities, and what is the actual meaning of sex etc. undoubtedly sexual activities are pleasurable in most scenarios, as mentioned human has been trying to enhance pleasureRead MoreEssay on Construct Development, Scale Creation, and Process Analysis1202 Words   |  5 PagesConstruct Development, Scale Creation, and Process Analysis PSYCH 525 University of Phoenix Part 1: Construct Development and Scale Creation The construct that will be measure in this paper will be arrogance versus confidence. The construct development, scale creation, and process analysis will determine how arrogance or confident a person may be. An operational definition of this construct using in Driver,(2007), Vixie,(2011)Read MoreThe Value Creation Process Of Sia Can Be Recognized For Cross Selling And Improving Customer Advocacy1343 Words   |  6 PagesIn return the customer is the king all the way. The value creation process works on the basis of exchange of value between the organization and the customer i.e. the value that the customer can provide to the organization and the value that the organization can provide the customer (Payne Frow, 2005, pg. 174). The warm treatment and perceived level of luxury delights the customer evoking loyalty from their end. The quality service and innovation in terms of comfort, design, service, convenienceRead MoreMission Statements May Play an Important Role in the Stra tegic Management Process but the Creation of a ‘Sense of Mission’ Is Even More Beneficial to Organisations2476 Words   |  10 Pagesstatements may play an important role in the strategic management process but the creation of a ‘sense of mission’ is even more beneficial to organisations Submitted by Lukas Radzevicius 20th October 2010 2201words This essay is to debate the question whether the role of a mission statement is as important and beneficial as sense of mission and if they can work as two separate functions in the strategic management process for organisations. Clear definition of mission statement andRead MoreContent And Nature Of Value Creation912 Words   |  4 Pagesvalue co-creation in a service logic based view of value creation, considering the customer perspective in a supplier-customer relationship. They published their findings in the Journal of Service Management vol. 22 no. 1, 2011, pp 5–22. They emphasized to keep apart production and value creation, as according to them they are different constructs. Production is the course of making the resources consumers integrate in their consumption or usage procedures. Value creation is the process of generatingRead MoreWhat Makes A Work Of Art?777 Words   |  4 Pagesart is a habitual process. To further explain the habitual process, Collingwood compares art’s habitual creation to the human’s habitual process of speech. While discussing art, he mentions that there are two theories that impose his own; however, he doesn’t believe to argue on them because i t’s theorization and requires a person actually to solve it before arguing against it. However, Collingwood notes that theories have a similarity to art, and that is the process of creation. The next section

Chemunity.Com Case Study Analysis Free Essays

string(42) " and has a long inefficient supply chain\." Take Home Exam Questions Question 1 When ChemUnity. com began, Herman Rijks was a 37 year old, Masters of Science graduate from the Technological University of Delft, Netherlands. He was born in South Yemen and grew up in Africa. We will write a custom essay sample on Chemunity.Com Case Study Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Rijks had experience in green-field chemical distribution start-ups, and general management experience in various chemical companies. He worked for HCI, a chemical company for three years, and prior to ChemUnity. com, he was part of the HCI corporate e-commerce task force. Mark-Jan Terwindt was a 34 year old graduate from Nijenrode Business School in Netherlands. He worked for eight years in the chemical distributions in countries such as: Ecuador, El Salvador, and Venezuela. Later, he went to the Czech Republic to manage HCI Operations, and before ChemUnity, he was in South Africa managing the integration of an acquired company. Both the founders spoke Dutch, English, Spanish, and a working knowledge of German, and additionally, Herman spoke French. Also, the founders shared similar interests, like sports and traveling (flying), and both have wives and children. The founders have a good amount of experience in business, e-commerce and the general industry to succeed. They both have several years tenure in companies related to the industry. Also, they are highly educated in areas that are important to the company (for example, Business and Science). The linguistic abilities of the founders allow them to understand and communicate with partners and customers in Western Europe, improving communication channels and service quality. The shared interests they have could mean that they understand each other more, have a good friendship, and allow them to work together on the company more frequently than just regular founders. Alternatively, this could mean that they will reinforce each other’s ideas without truly considering all the factors involved. Question 2 The product that ChemUnity provides fits extremely well with an online exchange because it’s a commodity. Meaning that all variables (grade, concentration packaging) can be standardized and price is the determinate factor. The system used protects the buyers and sellers, and creates a serious and profitable environment for all, and makes buying and selling easy. A buyer’s order has a preferred and highest acceptable price, and only the preferred price is transferred to the suppliers. Potential suppliers within the right geographical region are forwarded the message via email and SMS. The supplier has 25 hours to respond with a bid, and this only happens once to avoid price erosion of auction-like bids. ChemUnity compares the bid, informs the buyer and supplier who got the deal, and they take care of the transaction. Additionally, no parties can withdraw from the deal, and inquiries are very serious. The simplicity in the variables makes commodities easy to trade in an online exchange and the business model developed by ChemUnity creates a profitable, safe, and easy buying selling environment. The characteristics of the products fit, and can be successfully sold online in an online exchange. Question 3 Steps (1) through (5) explain the trading process at ChemUnity and are listed below. (1) An inquiry is posted from a buyer on the ChemUnity website that includes the name, grade, concentration, and packing of the commodity based on a predetermined list, delivery date, geographical region of the buyer, and a price indication. price indication includes preferred and highest acceptable price, and the preferred is given transferred to suppliers) (2) Potential suppliers, determined by information given by companies, are forwarded the inquiry. (Both supplier and buyer can exclude parties or regions outside of their scope to trade. ) (3) Once an email or SMS message is received by the su pplier they have 25 hours to respond with its bid. (Which only can be made once to prevent price erosion) (4) ChemUnity compares the bids, informs the supplier who got the deal, and connects the buyer and seller where the transaction is managed between the two parties. transaction is binding and because of credit insurance, supplier payment is certain) (5) The supplier ships the product and the buyer receives it. The trading process is streamlined and simplified in a concise number of steps. This seems like a very efficient process that does not even revision and it serves its purpose. Question 4 Value Proposition for Both Buyers and Sellers * Time efficiency in buying selling products. * Access to good buyer seller track records. * Emotion free deals with no room for confusion. * Multiple ways to access: internet or WAP phone capability. Clear legal framework adds simplicity. * No time zones. * Future linkage to your order entry. * Credit insurance. * More efficient supply chain. * Optional usage and ability to react whenever needed. * Higher margins as non-value added middlemen are eliminated. Value Proposition for Buyers * No need to contact multiple sellers with each purchase of products. * Quick responses to requests. * Proactive filtered information with no overload or irrelevant postings. * Post your preferred price. * Able to source from new companies more efficiently and at lower prices. Value Proposition for Sellers Receive only interesting requests from buyers that are profitable through filtering of information based on seller’s profile. * Possibility of serving smaller customers and reaching customers in new geographical markets. * Freedom in making bids. * Set your own prices. * Payment coverage and easy credit checks. * Ability to exclude regions or parties in a buyers list. * Ability to do normal business and travel as bids only needed to be checked once a day. * Eliminate regional boundaries and ability to reach the whole market. * O ther sellers in market will not dump products. No Price erosion from auction like bids. There are several advantages for both parties at what would seem like little to no cost to either party. ChemUnity assists these companies in making transactions while they focus on their respective specializations. This allows for much more buying and selling efficiency. The value proposition is extremely strong. The value proposition seems great on paper, but in fact could be improved greatly. As the alternative ChemUnity. com Case (2002) suggests the chemicals market is large one and has a long inefficient supply chain. You read "Chemunity.Com Case Study Analysis" in category "Free Case study samples" A consortium might not wipe out all the companies, and classifications and regulations in Europe is still far from consistent across all countries. A very large part of customers do not use a Complete Tender Management system, they use catalogues. A large addition to the value added for a supplier and buyer would be to have one of these systems implemented. Sourcing/access to the information will give value added and not just a yellow pages approach to the system. Question 5 There are several major threats to the ChemUnity Business model and four of them are summarized below. Potential price collusion between suppliers One threat to ChemUnity business model is the collusion of prices between suppliers. If they decided to set all the prices high it could affect the ability for the company to create value for the buyer. Also, even if these prices weren’t high, it would affect the ability for ChemUnity to negotiate prices. This threat is strong because it would eliminate the value added, but is very unlikely to happen as the suppliers want to compete naturally in sales and would require some type of elaborate conspiracy. Supplier and buyer post purchase relationship Another threat to the ChemUnity business model is if the buyers and sellers decide to keep makings transactions after the first sale without ChemUnity in the picture. This would probably increase seller margins and make products cheaper for the buyers. ChemUnity would not have control over the situation as much, due to the fact they bring the buyer and seller together and let them take care of the transaction. Competing websites (Catalogue, Aggregator and Auction) Catalogue, aggregator, and auction site business models are in direct competition with the ChemUnity business model. They can take away market share because we all compete for the same customers. If users have no problem searching through the catalogues and finding the deal they want, there is no value added for the searching and time costs that ChemUnity offers. Aggregator business models can add huge amounts of leverage to the buyer as they are all working together to get the best prices. They go to the supplier, speak for the buyers and get the best deal. Auction sites can but a lot of pressure on suppliers and can support dumping practices and price erosion. It is very attractive to a buyer when he can get much lower prices as a result of these effects. Traditional Distributers These traditional distributers could be considered indirect competitors as they do not compete online, but have a presence in the industry. They could have strong relationships with buyers especially in their local geographical areas. They could compete on convenience and logistics with the buyers, especially if it was a convenient automatic replenishment system, where the traditional distributers handled everything. This is based off of the idea that managing something might have more costs than it’s worth, especially if it’s in small quantities or cost values. Consortiums According to the alternate ChemUnity. com case study (2002), ChemUnity could encounter problems if a company’s grouped together to start their own market place. This is known as a consortium, and ChemUnity could â€Å"find it [hard] to get suppliers and buyers to go on-line, and this is a drawback compared with a consortium. † It further explains that if key suppliers were to launch a consortium it would crush the market place credibility of ChemUnity. Overall Threat Analysis There are several threats that the ChemUnity business model faces in this environment. Potential price collusion between suppliers eliminates the value added by the company and supplier buyer post purchase relationship prevents revenue from repeat purchases. Catalogue, Aggregator, and Auction sites – the direct competition for the company, threaten the business model as they compete for the same customers. Traditional distributers – our indirect competitors, still have a presence in the industry through customer relationships, convenience, and time saved. Consortiums are future competitors; they can crush the credibility of the company if created. ChemUnity can meet its threats as it a differentiated service than can add a lot of value, but if it cannot meet its threats it will have huge problems with market penetration. Question 6 Below you will find a Porter’s Five Forces analysis used to find the attractiveness of the industry. Bargaining Power of Buyers (-) Bargaining power of buyers is very high, because buyers are not dependant on this way of purchasing a product. They can use multiple other channels to purchase it. There is a high availability of substitute services, so buyers have a lot of power in terms of options. Buyer switching costs are nothing compared to firm switching costs, buyers can choose to go anywhere and this service has a small amount of buyers (because of the large size of orders). In addition, there is high buyer price sensitivity and buyer information is extremely high. They can search a lot of places to find information on prices. Lastly, the products do not have uniqueness, they are simplistic in the amount of variables and standardized. Overall, bargaining power of buyers is high and I rated this as negative for the attractiveness of the industry. Bargaining Power of Suppliers (+) In general, there are there are several suppliers who offer similar products so there are a lot of alternatives for the firm to work with other suppliers who want the demand. There is also a high presence of substitute inputs for these chemicals as other manufactures can create identical chemical products. There is also a very weak distribution channel so the suppliers may rely some of the companies’ services. Overall, the bargaining power of suppliers is low and I rated this as positive for the attractiveness of the industry. Threat of New Entrants (-) A website with a similar business model could easily be implemented at a very low cost. Similar software that the company uses could easily be imitated because of the very simplified variables in commodity products and intuitive idea. Websites can be up in a matter of weeks or days, and overall it is very easy for new entrants to start a company. Alternatively, the exit barriers are very low as well, as a website can be shut down at any moment and the company holds no inventory or major facilities. Overall, the threat of new entrants is high and I rated this as negative for the attractiveness of the industry. Threat of Substitute Products or Services (-) The threat of substitute services is very high. Any company could come up with a similar idea and there are several substitute business models that threaten the market share. Catalogue, Aggregator, and Auction sites can easily be substitutes for the service. Traditional distributers can also easily service anyone in this market. In addition, key suppliers could create a consortium and take over instantly while killing the market credibility of this service. Overall, the threat of substitute services is high and I rated this as negative for the attractiveness of the industry. Intensity of Competitive Rivalry (-) Intensity of Competitive Rivalry is high in the industry, as the case noted – there were a lot of players in the market place that established operations and gathered customer base. These companies, along with us compete for the same customers. There are several firms in the industry competing (high firm concentration ratio). Strong competition between online and offline service offerings mixed with difficulty in maintaining a sustainable competitive advantage leads to a high intensity of competitive rivalry. Overall, the intensity of competitive rivalry is high and I rated this as negative for the attractiveness of the industry. Overall the attractiveness of the industry as seen in the above Porters Five Forces analysis is one out of five which leads me to believe the industry isn’t very attractive. The bargaining power of buyers, threat of new entrants, threat of substitute products or services, and intensity of competitive rivalry were all negative in terms of attractiveness in our analysis. The buyers have power, entrants can easily get in, there are many substitutes, and it is very competitive. The only attractive part is that supplier power is not that high, even though they are still very important to the firm. Question 7(a) As indicated in the case, the major categories of ChemUnity’s costs were related to marketing, people, and IT. Also, in the beginning marketing was the biggest cost at 60%, leaving 30% to people, and 10% to IT. Later, the people costs were assumed to rise and the marketing costs were assumed to go down. I estimate this would leave us at 50% marketing, 40% people and 10% IT. It was noted in the case that there were two venture capital companies providing early financing in the amount of â‚ ¬1. million (27. 5% of the company). Using this number, marketing would cost â‚ ¬750,000, people would cost â‚ ¬600,000, and IT would cost â‚ ¬150,000. Question 7(b) As noted in the case, the average size of a deal was estimated to be â‚ ¬5,000 to â‚ ¬10,000. Using the 2% transaction fee, and the most conservative deal estimate, you get â‚ ¬100 per transaction (â‚ ¬5000 ? 2%). This would mean that you would require 1,500,000 transactions to break even with the early financing that was made. This could be attainable over time but is not likely to happen quickly, especially with the low amount of buyers the business serves. Question 7(c) Using the 3000 daily customers to the website from the case, the 1995 click through rate of 2. 1% , and a estimate of â‚ ¬0. 19 per click ( high pay-per click estimate is due to the fact that these customers are very focused), the website could generate â‚ ¬11. 9 daily (3000 ? 2. 1% ? â‚ ¬0. 19), and â‚ ¬359. 10 monthly. This is not a very significant amount of money. The pros of this kind of income is that it is basically free, as long as you have a website and takes not much management of the ads to generate the revenue. The cons are that there is a very small amount of money per click, and with only 3000 customers daily you are very limited to how much you can make. If you had for example a hundred thousand or so a day, this would be much better. Question 8 Short-Term Challenges The main short-term challenge was to test the concept with a couple of products to see if the company is on the right track. Successful implementation starts from marketing and the company needs to make sure suppliers are aware of the exchange and get product leaders. The belief at the time was that the buyers would come as soon as the sellers were onboard. Once buyers and sellers are established, the company needs to activate them to get the market liquidity up. Once the company is known for these products, they have succeeded in the first challenge. The second short-term challenge was a human resources issue; they needed people a chemical history background. These people would communicate with suppliers and buyers and should bring enthusiasm and belief in the business idea. The third short-term challenge was an IT issue – the technology needed to work flawlessly in its execution. The service is not perfect at the moment the company is working towards improving it. Long-Term Challenges The major long-term challenge was expansion of operations. By targeting a couple of strategic suppliers and many fragmented buyers in each product, they believed they could have a total of 200-500 suppliers, and up to 10,000 buyers. They believe they need to proceed with one product at a time, giving them the ability to test the concept and concentrate efforts on a focused segment. The real challenge was to pick the right products. They could also expand their service portfolio, by providing more financial services to gain revenue. They could also get involved with transportation, but would be a difficult avenue as they need to choose the right services, good partners and the proper expansion location. Cash flow has been an issue so the company needs to raise more financing. A second round of financing was timed for a couple months after launching the service. The company wants to raise another â‚ ¬5 – 10 million from banks, venture capital, and market players. Meeting Short-Term Challenges The company needs to begin testing the concept as soon as possible. Successful implementation begins with marketing efforts – the company needs to raise supplier awareness of the exchange and get product leaders onboard. The next issue is raising market liquidity, and it can be done by activating the sellers and buyers by contacting them. Once the company raises awareness about its products, they have succeeded in the first short-term challenge. The second short-term challenge can be solved by using a headhunter to find the best people the company can find. This would require some funding but will easily be worth the cost. These people would need to be educated on the concepts of the company and know how to communicate well with suppliers and buyers about the service, and have enthusiasm and a strong belief in the business. The final short-term challenge can be solved by rigorously testing and improving the technology to work flawlessly. Meeting Long-Term Challenges The expansion of operations should be done by targeting more suppliers and buyers for more potential revenue. I believe these need to be higher than the estimates given in the case– 200 suppliers and maybe 5000 buyers is not adequate enough. It is possible they can try targeting an additional geographical location, perhaps in South/Central America or Africa where the founders worked. Either way, with the market they have now, they need to test a concept and concentrate efforts on a focused segment and pick the right products. One option for expansion was to provide financial services, or get involved with the transportation of the product. Personally, I am not a fan of this idea because they are losing focus on what they specialize in. But if they were to do these options, they would need to hire consultants and rework the business model entirely. Also, with transportation they need to choose the right type of services, good partners, and a good expansion location. Finally for their cash flow problems, they will need to ensure they get that financing by fully disclosing information, addressing the problems they have, and working with venture capitalists to perhaps negotiate the share of the company for a given amount of funding. Question 9 As the alternate ChemUnity Case Study (2002) suggests, it’s easy to multiply figures and play around revenues and market volume on paper, but it does not address the habits of a given industry. Experience has shown that many internet service providers have failed due to the fact that many of them were not focused enough, spent too much money before making any, and didn’t bring enough value to its users. The main challenge lies in the art of change management. ChemUnity has this challenge for both buyers and seller, but it remains that these groups would benefit from a multitude of significant strategic advantages (if it had the ability to support change management processes) Also the case suggests that for the company to potentially succeed, the platform they develop must be flexible and characterized by short development cycles that will match the needs of the market and increase the functionality for its end users. They also need the right mix of employees with experience in the field and who are used to driving change along with a highly skilled sales team. If they had an online complete tender management system, they could save time and money and access more efficient markets. This is a great opportunity for the company to drive change in the company – along with a complete business process reengineering of their buying and selling process. If the company followed these steps, they would have potential success in the market. I personally don’t think they can be successful unless they do these things, and it seems like a big changes are needed. Question 10 (a) The three options for business model changes are below: Status Quo This option would be to remain the same but focused on its specialization. Transportation Addition to Business Model This option would be to introduce transportation into the model to create more value for customers. Financial Services Addition to Business Model This option would be to introduce financial services into the model to create more value for customers. The criteria we used to assess which business model to use includes the following: Cost, Value Added, Revenue, Expenses, Ease of Change, and Adaptability. I decided to use a decision matrix and estimate the values from 1-10 using subjective data from the case and intuition. The best alternative according to the criteria is Added Financial Service to the business model. It would not cost a very high amount to implement, would add a decent amount of value and revenue to the business. The expenses are fairly high, seeing as you need more cash on hand and you need to develop this business model, and be able to setup a good financial plan for customers. The ease of change is pretty fair, is pretty easy to adapt into it, and has a moderate amount of risk involved. Finally, the market share is would increase a lot compared to status quo. The next close business model would have been transportation, it’s just a more risky and more rewarding model because it requires large capital investments, but hard to adapt and change into. References Petri Lehtivaara (2002) ChemUnity. com Case Study. Retrieved From http://www. supplychain-forum. com/documents/articles/ACF41. df Nielsen Norman Group (2000) Methodology Weaknesses in Poynter Eyetrack Study. Retrieved from http://www. nngroup. com/articles/methodology-weaknesses-poynter/ Wikipedia (2012) Pay Per Click. Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Pay_per_click ——————————————– [ 2 ]. Nielsen Norman Group reports a 2. 1% click through rate in 1995. [ 3 ]. Wikipedia reports tha t in 1997 the pay-per-click was from $. 005 to $. 25 (â‚ ¬0. 003 to â‚ ¬0. 19 using March 26,2013 exchange rates) How to cite Chemunity.Com Case Study Analysis, Free Case study samples

Proposition 187 Dont Mess With Texas Essay Example For Students

Proposition 187: Dont Mess With Texas Essay Proposition 187: Dont Mess With TexasIn November of 1994, Californians passed the most controversial piece ofstate legislation this decade. Proposition 187 was designed to stem the flow ofillegal aliens into California by withholding all non-emergency medical benefitsfrom non-naturalized citizens. Latinos turned out in record numbers to voicetheir disapproval, and for good reason too. The health care resolutions ofProposition 187 were products of poor reason and unsound economic judgment. Theresolutions did not get the state any closer to a balanced budget, and onlyserved to worsen the health care outlook for the future of California. It isclear that Proposition 187 was a mistake, and should not be encouraged to berepeated in Texas. The most popular reason for passage, that supporters of Proposition 187used, was the theory that a cut in illegal health services would save statetaxpayers several million dollars a year. This argument only applies to statesthat have a personal income tax, often used to help fund health care for thestate, and when the illegal immigrants avoid paying this tax. Texas does nothave such a tax, so health care is funded by the taxes that everyone in thestate pays. That means that illegal aliens are paying just as much as realAmericans are in sales taxes, gas taxes, liquor taxes, and cigarette taxes. Forexample, illegal aliens in San Diego, California accounted for 26.6 milliondollars in health care costs in 1994 (Serb 63). Not a single person would denythat this is a lot of money, and therefore would seem to be an excellent reasonto cut funding right this minute. However, the logical person has to realizehow important those same aliens are to filling the states excise tax cofferseach year. Excise taxes paid by illegals were accounting for up 60.5 millionin state tax alone (63). In retrospect, it hardly seems right to say thatillegal immigrants are not paying their fair tax share for their health needs. It also isnt fair that U.S. businesses need Mexican workers for low-payingjobs, but dont want them to have access to heath care while they are here(Hudson 37). Another economically based reason, that proponents of 187-likelegislation have made, is that Texans will save money by denying non-emergencycare to illegal aliens. Without close scrutiny, this seems to be a claim to makethe pocket book happy. After all, we would still allow the aliens the rightto life saving treatments, but we would also save a bundle by cutting the littlevisits to the doctor for fevers, colds, and sprained ankles. What Texans have toask, though, is how do we save money when we deny a forty-five dollar visit tothe doctor for strep throat, but allow a twenty thousand dollar visit tointensive care when that alien develops scarlet fever from the strep infection(Cowley 53). It would have been much more cost-effective to have provided directcare services up front, and California quickly found this to be true. Prematurebabies cost San Diego more than $500, 000 dollars. Complications frompregnancies added an additional $112,000 to the bill (Serb 63). According to theclaims made, these types of costs should have disappeared after #187 was passed. The illegal immigrants were supposed to return to Mexico for their pre-natalcare, but the evidence proves they didnt. Instead, the illegal mothers receivedno pre-natal care, and had emergencies that cost the state even more money. There are more problems with Proposition 187-like proposals than justeconomic problems. Texans must be aware of the moral and ethical problems wewould create if we supported a similar plan for Texas. For instance, CatholicBishop John Ricard points out that if Texans explicitly set out to identify allillegal aliens, and stop them from receiving care, we are likely to have adiscriminatory situation. Every American with tan skin and a name ending in zis likely to be perceived as potential illegal immigrants (Health 248). TheNational Christian Coalition also points out that to measure national healthcare decisions more by economic than moral or compassionate standards isappalling (248). But even more appalling is what we are asking our nationsdoctors to do. By requiring that physicians report every immigrant withoutdocumentation, and to refuse them treatment when ill, we are boldly demandingthat they violate their sacred Hippocratic oath. Care providers have based theirprofessions on hel ping any person in need since the time of the ancient Greeks. .u9766c260e0aa8c1134699156be078bc3 , .u9766c260e0aa8c1134699156be078bc3 .postImageUrl , .u9766c260e0aa8c1134699156be078bc3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9766c260e0aa8c1134699156be078bc3 , .u9766c260e0aa8c1134699156be078bc3:hover , .u9766c260e0aa8c1134699156be078bc3:visited , .u9766c260e0aa8c1134699156be078bc3:active { border:0!important; } .u9766c260e0aa8c1134699156be078bc3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9766c260e0aa8c1134699156be078bc3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9766c260e0aa8c1134699156be078bc3:active , .u9766c260e0aa8c1134699156be078bc3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9766c260e0aa8c1134699156be078bc3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9766c260e0aa8c1134699156be078bc3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9766c260e0aa8c1134699156be078bc3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9766c260e0aa8c1134699156be078bc3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9766c260e0aa8c1134699156be078bc3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9766c260e0aa8c1134699156be078bc3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9766c260e0aa8c1134699156be078bc3 .u9766c260e0aa8c1134699156be078bc3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9766c260e0aa8c1134699156be078bc3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Value Of A Jury System Essay SummaryIn true spirit doctors should know no boundaries between two lands. In fact, whyshould they refuse to give treatment because a person happens to be on this sideof the Rio Grande when they fall ill? After all, bacteria and virusesdistribute themselves without regard for national borders (Gaffney 228), anddiseases like tuberculosis do not check for immigration status (Health 248). Some citizens might believe that diseases like tuberculosis were a thing of thepast, but a Californian study found that seventy percent of all immigrantsarrive carrying the germs that cause tuberculosis (Cowley 53). Remember thatthese are immigrants that were able to save up enough money at home to make thevoyage to America, and not be broke when they got here. The percentage ofillegal aliens carrying diseases is probably a lot higher than 70%. They dontget sick because they have built-in immunities for the diseases found in theirhomelands, but we do not have many of the same immunities that illegals have. The result is that the diseases go undetected until an emergency arises and the alien can be seen by a doctor. By not allowing illegal aliens to receive non-emergency care, we are putting our little Texans at risk. As we prepare for the possibility that similar proposals might beadvocated in Texas, let us all remember the ideals of humanity that we like tosay that we all share. Every American likes to think that they have a kind andcaring attitude toward the less fortunate, but a short case study published inNewsweek shows exactly how kind and caring legislation like Prop. 187 would be. In the case study, the family of Julio Cano, a twelve-year-old, anguish overwhether or not to take their son to a doctor in California. Julio had developeda deep cough accompanied by severe shooting pains down his back. The familydecided not to risk a doctor visit because Proposition 187 had just ordered thatany illegal seeking care be reported. Instead the family waited until thecondition worsened enough to be able to call the paramedics, but by then it wastoo late. Little Julio died from leukemia on the way to the hospital. We must keep our pocket books out of the decision to reform health care,and instead keep the true story of Julio Cano in our hearts. Why should we turnour backs on aliens residing in this country just because a few citizens, mostwith little real knowledge of the true situation, think that this is the way toend illegal immigration. Illegal aliens are hired by many, many people to mowthe lawn, watch the kids, clean the house, or to cook for the family. A lot oftimes, you neighbors do not claim these workers as employees in order to skipout on taxes themselves, and thus avoid paying their fair share. With thebenefit of hindsight, Californians are now able to see just how poor theirreasoning was when they passed Proposition 187. There is no doubt that Texanswill meet that call to find other ways besides cutting health care to stem thetide of illegal immigrants. Maybe health care costs of aliens can become a partof the federal budget. Also, the federal government could try and improverela tions with Mexico and persistently show the economic burden that their lackof border control is having on states such as Texas. Whatever is done though,Texans will not jump hastily into action. Any resolution will be the product ofcareful reasoning and informed economic judgements.

0495007757_66664 Essays - Psychology, Behavioural Sciences

Chapter 8 Rational-Emotive-Behavior Therapy and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy CHAPTER OVERVIEW Rational-Emotive-Behavior Therapy (REBT), developed by Albert Ellis, is a therapy that consciously uses cognitive, emotive, and behavioral techniques to help clients. REBT theorists stress that human beings have choices. The control of ideas, attitudes, feelings, and actions is specific to the person who arranges a life according to personal dictates. Having little control over what happens or what actually exists, people do have choices and control over how they view the world and how they react to difficulties. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES After completing this chapter, the student will be able to: 1. Identify the philosophical assumptions associated with rational- emotive behavior therapy and cognitive-behavior therapy. 2. Explain the nature of people according to rational-emotive-behavior therapy. 3. Discuss rational and irrational thoughts and the three areas in which people hold irrational beliefs. 4. Describe the REBT process of teaching people to think and behave in more personally satisfying ways. 5. Summarize the "A, B, C, D, and E," approach to counseling. 6. Compare and contrast REBT with other theories. Evaluate the limitations and contributions of the REBT approach to counseling. CHAPTER SUMMARY Rational-Emotive-Behavior Therapy (REBT) has emerged from what Albert Ellis considered a limited rational-persuasive therapy into a therapy that consciously uses cognitive, emotive, and behavioral techniques to help clients. Ellis considers himself a philosophical or educational therapist who uses a didactic, cognition-oriented, explicative approach to change. Founded on the idea that what distresses people is not the event but their judgment of the event, REBT theorists stress that human beings have choices about their thoughts. The control of ideas, attitudes, feelings, and actions is specific to the person who arranges a life according to personal dictates. Having little control over what happens or what actually exists, people do have both choices and controls over how they view the world and react to difficulties. Ellis viewed humans as naturally irrational, self-defeating individuals who need to be taught to change crooked thinking from self-defeating musts, shoulds, oughts, and demands. People can be helpful and loving as long as they do not think irrationally. The three areas in which people hold irrational beliefs are in thinking that they must be perfect, that others must be perfect, and that the world must be a perfect place in which to live. The goal of the therapy is to teach people to think and behave in a more personally satisfying way by making them realize they have a choice between self-defeating, negative behavior and thought and a more efficient, enhancing, positive behavior. This is accomplished by teaching people to take responsibility for their own logical thinking and the consequences or behaviors that follow it. Ellis theorized that a belief system - what people tell themselves about an event - determines responses or feelings toward that event. People naturally and easily think crookedly, express emotions inappropriately and behave in a self-defeating manner. REBT teaches how to do otherwise. Irrational beliefs cause trouble. Lists of common irrational beliefs that lead to negative emotions and stress in children, adolescents, and parents are included in the chapter. Irrationals beliefs can form a chain of further irrational beliefs. The categories of those thoughts are self- defeating beliefs, highly rigid and dogmatic beliefs, antisocial beliefs, unrealistic beliefs and contradictory beliefs. The goal of REBT is to teach people to think and behave in a more personally satisfying way by making them realize they have a choice between self-defeating, negative behavior and efficient, enhancing, positive behavior. The first objective of therapy is to show a person how irrational beliefs or attitudes create dysfunctional consequences such as anger, depression, or anxiety. The second objective is to teach the client how to dispute or crumble the irrational beliefs and replace them with rational thoughts. This will allow the client to escape the cycle of negative feelings and be free to choose behaviors that eliminate the problem or the disappointing impact of the problem. "A, B, C, D, and E" refer to these ideas. A is the activating event. B is the person's reaction to the event. C represents the consequences or feelings resulting from the person's evaluation of the activating event. D represents the disputing arguments that can be used to attack the irrational self-messages included in the evaluation of the activating event. E is the answers given to the questions raised in D. REBT is direct, didactic, confrontational and verbally active counseling. Several factors help counselors detect irrational thinking. They can look for overgeneralizations, distortions, deletions, catastrophizing, absolutes, condemning and fortune-telling. Once the irrational beliefs are recognized, the counselor disputes and challenges them. Ultimately

Cognitive Misers Essays

Cognitive Misers Essays Cognitive Misers Essay Cognitive Misers Essay Cognitive misers are used in an attempt to conserve cognitive energy in everyday life. These strategies are adopted to simplify complex problems. Some information is ignored to reduce the cognitive load (Aronson, 2007, p. 122). This is demonstrated in the movie 12 Angry Men. The jurors discuss the case with a Puerto Rican teenager from the slums as the defendant. Juror number seven states that the defendants background doomed him to lead a criminal life. Juror number four supports him by citing a study about how slum conditions breed criminals (Lumet, 1957). People use reference points and contrast effects to make an object appear better or worse, depending on what it is compared to (Aronson, 2007, p. 123). Juror number three uses his relationship with his own son, and seems to believe that the defendant is guilty because he is a teenager who has routine conflicts with his dad (Lumet, 1957). Priming is a procedure based on the notion that ideas that have been recently encountered are more likely to come to mind, and therefore to be used in interpreting events (Aronson, 2007, p. 126). In this movie the jurors, fresh from the courtroom, took a preliminary vote to see whos where. Juror ten was talking as though it were a forgone conclusion that the defendant was guilty. Eleven out of the twelve jurors voted guilty (Lumet, 1957). Framing is the drawing of different conclusions based on how the data is presented (Aronson, 2007, p. 129). Juror number eight demonstrated framing when he presented a switchknife identical to the murder weapon. The murder weapon had been presented during the trial as a very unique knife of unusual design. However, juror eight had bought one exactly like it at a pawnshop two blocks from the crime scene. In doing this juror eight changed the original framing of the murder weapon as unique, as was indicated during the trail (Lumet, 1957). Primacy effect Primacy effect is the tendency for the first items presented in a series to be remembered better or more easily, or for them to be more influential than those presented later in the series (Aronson, 2007, p. 95). The jurors adjourn to the jury room where juror three is the first to mention that this is an open and shut case implying that the defendant is guilty prior to deliberations (Lumet, 1957). Attention decrement occurs when later items or information get less attention. Minds tend to wander thus, they have less impact on judgments (Aronson, 2007, p. 134). This happens as the movie progresses. Information from the trial becomes less acute as juror eight argues that it is possible that the defendant may have lost his knife like he claimed. Juror six admitted he was convinced very early in the case that the defendant was guilty (Lumet, 1957). Interpretive set is a term used when the initial items or information create an initial impression and are used to interpret subsequent information (Aronson, 2007, p. 134). For example, neighbors from across the hall to the crime scene stated that they heard the defendant arguing with is dad around eight that evening. They stated that the dad hit the defendant twice and saw the boy run angrily out of the building. Although no one saw the boy return later that night the neighbor downstairs stated that around Midnight he heard someone yell out, Ill kill you, and heard a body hit the floor seconds later, and he looked out to see him running out of the building. The jurors connected these segments of information and connected them together as though there was an accurate positive identification of the defendant (Lumet, 1957). Judgmental heuristics Judgmental heuristics is used as a quick easy way of making a decision on how to solve problems at hand. Heuristics require little thought and only the ability to choose a strategy and apply it directly to a problem (Aronson, 2007, p. 135). The types of heuristics are the representative heuristic, availability heuristic, and attitude heuristic. Representative heuristic is the focus on the similarity of one object to another to infer that the first object acts like the second object with the expectation that the information to fit expectations. The halo effect also applies to physical characteristics such as attractiveness and appearance or expectations (Aronson, p. 136). In the movie juror number ten takes every opportunity to apprise the other jurors of his knowledge of these people when he refers to the defendant. He says that they are fighting all the time, they get drunk, and human life doesnt have the same meaning to them as it does to us. Juror number ten describes the defendants ethnic group very negatively and compares them to us. He is trying to convince the other jurors that because he knows how some Puerto Ricans behave then the defendant also behaves this way (Lumet, 1957). Availability heuristic is when we focus on specific examples that come most readily to mind depending upon what we have experienced (Aronson, p. 138). Juror number ten has had negative experiences with Puerto Ricans and assigns the result of those experiences upon the young defendant who is also Puerto Rican. Juror number three has had very bad experiences with his own teenage son, and views the teenage defendant with the same anger as he does his own son. These experiences influence the attitudes of these jurors (Lumet, 1957). Attitude heuristic is the use of preexisting evaluations to assign information to a favorable or unfavorable category according to our own attitude on the subject (Aronson, p. 140). One form of attitude heuristics is the halo effect, a bias in which favorable or unfavorable impressions of a person affect our inferences and future expectations about that person. The halo effect also applies to physical characteristics such as attractiveness and appearance (Aronson, 2007, p. 141). In the movie juror number ten places a strong negative bias on the defendant due to his ethnicity, which seems to be his only reason for believing in his guilt. Whereas, juror number three does the same thing concerning the fact that the defendant is a troubled teenager and had problems with his dad (Lumet, 1957). Another form of attitude heuristics is the false-consensus effect. This is the tendency to overestimate the percentage of people who agree with us (Aronson, 2007, p. 141). It appears that in the beginning of jury deliberations that this is an open and shut case. Jurors one, three, seven, and twelve fully believe that the defendant is guilty and raise their hands quickly during the preliminary vote. Jurors two, five, six, eleven, and nine pause for a moment, then slowly raise their hands as well. Juror eight is the lone dissenter. The other jurors are apparently surprised it isnt so open and shut a case after all (Lumet, 1957). Categorization and stereotypes Two methods of categorization and stereotypes are self-fulfilling prophecy and illusory correlation. Self-fulfilling prophecy is the process by which expectations and stereotypes lead people to treat others in a way that makes them conform to expectations (Aronson, 2007, p. 145). In the movie juror ten uses his stereotype of Puerto Ricans to treat the information in the trial consistent with his own expectations of how Puerto Ricans interact. Juror three does the same thing because of his own expectations of how teenagers behave. Juror four also has specific expectations because the defendant is from the slums (Lumet, 1957). The illusory correlation is when one expects to see a relationship, and see it, though there is in fact no relationship present (Aronson, 2007, p. 145). In the movie the jurors see a relationship between the fight between the dad and the defendant that occurred at 8:00 p.m. and the murder which happened at around Midnight. This relationship was dissolved by juror eight. The neighbors across the hall saw the boy run out after the argument at 8:00 p.m. He had to go by their door to leave. The downstairs neighbor didnt see anything but claims to have seem the boy run out of the building after he heard the threat Ill kill you and the body hit the floor. However, juror eight pointed out that the downstairs neighbor had a limp and couldnt move fast enough to have gotten to the front window to see anyone run outside. In-group and out-group effects The in-group is the group you belong to, and the outgroup is everyone else. The consequences of dividing the world into these two worlds is the homogeneity effect, and ingroup favoritism. Homogeneity effect is when everyone belonging to the out-group perceived as being similar to each other (Aronson, 2007, p. 146) In the movie jurors two, five, six, eleven, and nine hesitated to raise their hands to vote guilty during the preliminary vote at the beginning of deliberations. These jurors eventually changed their vote to not guilty before the other jurors who had voted immediately for guilty at that time. Juror eight was originally alone in voting not guilty and was the original out-group in this case. Eventually the tables are turned and all jurors vote not guilty with the exception of juror number three who then is in the out-group all alone (Lumet, 1957). This created an in-group favoritism which is the perception that your own group as superior to others. The jurors who stood resolute against juror eight fully believing that he was wrong and were going to help him understand why. Instead they were convinced that they had been wrong. Now they are in the not guilty in-group against the last remaining guilty voter. The conclusion of the movie has the not guilty voters standing opposite juror ten with a distinct attitude of superiority about them (Lumet, 1957). Memory as reconstructive is when memories are created from bits of information filtered through what we think might have been, or should have been, or what we would have liked it to be, and by what others tell us about it (Aronson, 2007, p. 147) in the movie juror eight couldnt vote guilty because it would send the defendant to the electric chair. On the other hand, juror three claimed he would pull the switch himself. Juror eight liked the idea that the defendant be not guilty because of his reticence in sending the defendant to his death. While juror three liked the idea of the defendant being guilty perhaps as a catharsis to the anger he felt at his own son (Lumet, 1957). Confirmation bias is selective thinking where one tends to notice and look for things that confirm an impression or belief and ignore things that contradict them (Aronson, 2007, p. 157). In the movie the stronger personalities said the defendant was guilty and the weaker jurors went along in the beginning. After juror eight voted not guilty he proceeded to convince the other jurors that they needed to discuss the case in detail. He looked for things throughout the entire process that ignored issues that contradicted his not guilty vote. Instead he cast doubt on the witnesses, and the evidence. Juror three ignored everything juror eight revealed until the very end because it contradicted his belief that the defendant was guilty (Lumet, 1957). Hindsight bias is sometimes called the I-knew-it-all-along effect, the inclination to see past events as being predictable (Aronson, 2007, p. 158). After the preliminary vote juror number ten shook his head and said, Boy oh boy, theres always one implying he somehow knew someone would vote not guilty (Lumet, 1957). Attitude accessibility is when we associate an object with our attitude, highly accessible attitudes more likely to guide behavior (Aronson, 2007, p. 162) In the movie the jurors placed a strong association between the switchknife and the defendant buying one early on the evening of the murder. Testimony confirmed that the defendant was real handy with a knife. Juror eight bought one at a pawnshop two blocks from the crime scene and showed that the switchknife may not be as unique as was indicated in the trial. Although no one was actually in the room to properly identify the defendant at midnight when the crime took place, the jurors also placed a strong association between the argument at eight oclock that evening and the murder (Lumet, 1957). Biases in social explanation Fundamental attribution error is the tendency to overestimate the importance of personality factors rather than situational factors when describing and explaining the causes of social behavior (Aronson, 2007, p. 167). No one really knows the personality of the defendant. They do know he fought with his dad and had a criminal record. It appears as though they are attributing his personality to be that of a hoodlum, instead of a troubled teenager, therefore, capable of murdering his dad. Juror seven states that the defendants background doomed him to lead a criminal life (Lumet, 1957). Actor-observer bias is the tendency for actors to attribute their actions to situational factors while observers attribute the same actions to personality factors. (Aronson, 2007, p. 170). The jurors only know that the defendant said nothing in his own defense. The defendant found himself in a situation that was outside of his control. The police had no other leads and focused on him instead of investigating the crime. It wasnt until juror eight mentioned that the police questioned the defendant in one room while his dad lay dead in the other room that the idea of emotional stress arose. No one thought that the boy might be in shock nor able to think coherently due to grief at the loss of his dad. Some jurors are assuming that he did the crime since he had a criminal history for juvenile offenses, and perhaps hated his dad. Other jurors are using their own personal issues sway them into believing the defendant is guilty (Lumet, 1957). Self-serving bias: The tendency to make dispositional or personality attributions for our successes and to make situational attributions for our failures (Aronson, 2007, p. 172). Juror three Reminded of his own familys personal crisis, Juror # 3 tells the jurors of his own disrespectful, teenaged boy who hit him on the jaw when he was 16. His son is now 22 years old, and he hasnt seen his son for two years. The juror is embittered at the failed relationship with his son, Kids! Ya work your heart out. Thus, blaming the situation between his son and himself instead of realizing that he may have been a bad father (Lumet, 1957). Egocentric thought is the tendency to perceive ourselves as more central to events than is actually the case (Aronson, 2007, p. 173) In the movie juror eleven is an egocentric salesman in the sense of being self-absorbed. He wants to be the focus. So, he talks about himself, and is only partly engaged in the deliberations of the jury. His self-absorption and lack of focus on the case explain his flip-flopping from guilty, to not guilty, to guilty, and back to not guilty. Juror three tries to make himself the center of antagonism against juror eight. Juror eight is the center of events as he is the one calling for all of the discussion in the attempt to prove there is a reasonable doubt in this case (Lumet, 1957).

Counselor Ethics and Responsibilities Assignment Guidelines

Counselor Ethics and Responsibilities Guidelines - Assignment Example The next important move will be to ask the client if I can a combine session with her parents to allow them share their thoughts about the situation. Two ethical issues that I will have to deal with include whether advising the client on other alternatives to abortion could interfere with her autonomy. I strongly believe that every individual has a right to choose time as well as how to end his/her life with dignity especially when suffering from terminal illness. I feel that it is quite inhumane to stop an individual from hastening his death especially his/her health has significantly deteriorated from prolonged illness. I will start the counseling process by trying to establish if the state law allows physician assisted suicide (PAS). The next thing will be to allow the client clarify her thought and feelings towards PAS and the possibility of exploring alternatives to the decisions. The option of advising the client on other alternatives to PAS and whether it is in the best interest to allow her continue with PAS are two major ethical issues that I will consider. Trust and respect are the two most important determinant of a successful and effective counseling relation between the client and the counselor. Remley, Jr and Herlihy (2010) asserts that clients must always feel safe in the hands of their counselors and this can only be achieved when they trust in the counselor’s ability to safeguard their interest and respect their rights in the relationship. The fact that the counselor is highly experienced in his/her field does not give them an absolute power over the client considering that the client has a number of rights that needs to be protected in the relationship. Key among the clients rights in a counseling relationship include but not limited right to autonomy, right to confidentiality, right to known counseling techniques or strategies, right to request for copies of records